Gapnot Protocol 〈EASY〉

| Protocol | Throughput (kbps) | Avg Delay (ms) | Energy (relative) | Sync Required | |----------|------------------|----------------|-------------------|---------------| | Pure ALOHA | 128 | 245 | 1.0 | No | | Slotted ALOHA | 258 | 112 | 0.9 | Yes | | CSMA/CA | 410 | 48 | 2.1 | No (but sensing) | | | 372 | 67 | 0.65 | No |

| Preamble (8 bytes) | Header (4 bytes) | Payload (variable) | FCS (2 bytes) | Post-gap (optional) | |--------------------|------------------|--------------------|---------------|---------------------| gapnot protocol

def send_frame(self, frame): backoff = random.uniform(self.w_min, self.w_max) * (1 + self.rho_est) wait(backoff) if self.can_transmit(current_time(), frame.duration): transmit(frame) self.last_tx_time = current_time() else: self.rho_est = min(0.9, self.rho_est + 0.05) self.send_frame(frame) # retry Scenario: 30 nodes, Poisson traffic (total offered load 0.7), 1 Mbps channel, 500-byte frames. | Protocol | Throughput (kbps) | Avg Delay

(normalized): [ S = N \cdot p \cdot (1-p)^N-1 \cdot e^-\lambda G ] Where λ is the arrival rate and G is the gap factor. The term e^-\lambda G models the reduction in collisions due to enforced gaps. t_backoff = random_uniform(W_min, W_max) * (1 + ρ_est

t_backoff = random_uniform(W_min, W_max) * (1 + ρ_est * G) Wait t_backoff If channel is assessed (optional clear channel check) OR probabilistic draw: Transmit Else: Update ρ_est (increase slightly) Goto DEFER After any transmission (successful or collision), the node sets a hard minimum idle interval = frame_duration * G before the next transmission attempt from the same node. This prevents a single node from flooding and ensures fairness. 6. Collision Avoidance Mathematics Let N be number of active nodes, τ frame transmission time, T_obs observation window. In GAPNOT, each node transmits with probability p per T_obs , but with additional gap enforcement.

for given N: [ p_opt \approx \frac1N \sqrt\frac2G ]